Subsolar strange star mergers produce a lower post-merger-to-cutoff GW frequency ratio than neutron star mergers, cleanly separating the two classes across equations of state and mass ratios.
ENGRAVE follow-up of a type IIb supernova spatially coincident with the sub-threshold gravitational wave trigger S250818k
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abstract
The candidate gravitational wave (GW) event S250818k was one of only three non-retracted LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA public alerts issued during the fourth observing run of the network (O4) with a binary neutron star (BNS) merger classification probability exceeding one percent. This triggered a prompt search for a potential electromagnetic (EM) counterpart in the large localisation error region (949 deg$^2$ projected in the sky at 90% credible level). The transient SN2025ulz, discovered by the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) during the search, attracted a great deal of attention due to a potential spatial and temporal coincidence, and due to its initial fast decay and featureless spectrum. Here, we report on the follow up of this transient by the Electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational wave sources at the Very Large Telescope (ENGRAVE) Collaboration. We conducted an extensive multi-wavelength observational campaign, which led to the spectral classification of the transient as a type IIb supernova (SN), indicating that it is unrelated to the candidate GW event. In this article, we describe our observing strategies, data reduction, and interpretation. All of our results confirm and strengthen our classification of the source, and also show that shock cooling tails associated with type IIb SNe are one of the most prominent contaminants in kilonova searches.
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Subsolar-mass binary mergers of strange stars and neutron stars: gravitational waves and ejecta
Subsolar strange star mergers produce a lower post-merger-to-cutoff GW frequency ratio than neutron star mergers, cleanly separating the two classes across equations of state and mass ratios.