In an NJL model, the electromagnetic scale anomaly creates a thermal potential barrier proportional to |eB|^3 |P|/(P^2 + m0^2), making the theta = pi CP transition first order.
The high temperature CP-restoring phase transition at theta = pi
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abstract
The CP-restoring phase transition at theta = pi and high temperature is investigated using two related models that aim to describe the low-energy phenomenology of QCD, the NJL model and the linear sigma model coupled to quarks. Despite many similarities between the models, different predictions for the order of the phase transition result. Using the Landau-Ginzburg formalism, the origin of this difference is traced back to a non-analytic vacuum term at zero temperature that is present in the NJL model, but usually not included in the linear sigma model. Due to the absence of explicit CP violation, this term always alters the qualitative aspects of the high temperature phase transition at theta = pi, just as for theta = 0 in the chiral limit.
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First-order CP phase transition in two-flavor QCD at $\theta = \pi$ under electromagnetic scale anomaly via a Nambu-Jona-Lasinio description
In an NJL model, the electromagnetic scale anomaly creates a thermal potential barrier proportional to |eB|^3 |P|/(P^2 + m0^2), making the theta = pi CP transition first order.