Simulations show that drift dominance over diffusion can create a knee at PeV energies if parallel diffusion becomes energy-independent above 1 TeV, though some setups fail to match observed grammage.
KASCADE measurements of energy spectra for elemental groups of cosmic rays: Results and open problems
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abstract
A composition analysis of KASCADE air shower data is performed by means of unfolding the two-dimensional frequency spectrum of electron and muon numbers. Aim of the analysis is the determination of energy spectra for elemental groups representing the chemical composition of primary cosmic rays. Since such an analysis depends crucially on simulations of air showers the two different hadronic interaction models QGSJet and SIBYLL are used for their generation. The resulting primary energy spectra show that the knee in the all particle spectrum is due to a steepening of the spectra of light elements but, also, that neither of the two simulation sets is able to describe the measured data consistently over the whole energy range with discrepancies appearing in different energy regions.
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Transition from Diffusion to Drift-Dominated Cosmic Ray Transport and the Origin of the Knee
Simulations show that drift dominance over diffusion can create a knee at PeV energies if parallel diffusion becomes energy-independent above 1 TeV, though some setups fail to match observed grammage.