Causal estimands are classified by whether they depend only on marginal potential outcome distributions (intervention layer), joint or nested distributions (counterfactual layer), or individual-level outcomes.
Complete identification methods for the causal hierarchy.Journal of Machine Learning Research, 9:1941–1979,
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A Distributional Perspective on Pearl's Causal Hierarchy: From Marginal to Joint and Individualized Potential Outcomes
Causal estimands are classified by whether they depend only on marginal potential outcome distributions (intervention layer), joint or nested distributions (counterfactual layer), or individual-level outcomes.