In heterotic Z3 x Z3 orbifolds, the tree-level Yukawa amplitude has an exact column texture Y_lead(i,j) = c ε^{q_R[j]} with universal O(1) coefficient c across generations.
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The exact column texture: tree-level Yukawa universality in heterotic $Z_3 \times Z_3$ orbifolds
In heterotic Z3 x Z3 orbifolds, the tree-level Yukawa amplitude has an exact column texture Y_lead(i,j) = c ε^{q_R[j]} with universal O(1) coefficient c across generations.