Frontier LLMs achieve higher surplus via sequential price discrimination in bilateral trade simulations, while SFT followed by GRPO on Qwen models trades off surplus gains against deal rates and improves consistency across price tiers.
<think>...</think> reasoning blocks are removed from input prompts (but retained in target completions), as described in Section 5.2
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Training Language Models for Bilateral Trade with Private Information
Frontier LLMs achieve higher surplus via sequential price discrimination in bilateral trade simulations, while SFT followed by GRPO on Qwen models trades off surplus gains against deal rates and improves consistency across price tiers.