A probabilistic model recovers missing PIN digits with up to 55% accuracy for single-digit leakage and 12% for triple-digit leakage on over one million real samples, quantifying progressive QoS degradation in authentication channels.
Is Your PIN Safe Against Advanced Human-Centric Shoulder Surfing?
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Stochastic Modeling of Human-Machine Authentication Channels under Partial Information Leakage
A probabilistic model recovers missing PIN digits with up to 55% accuracy for single-digit leakage and 12% for triple-digit leakage on over one million real samples, quantifying progressive QoS degradation in authentication channels.