All 15 tested x402 payment facilitators violate at least one of eight derived security rules, yielding four new attack classes and 31 reported vulnerabilities.
Agentic com- merce and payments: Exploring the implications of robots paying robots.Journal of Payments Strategy & Systems, 19(1):72–84, 2025
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When HTTP 402 Meets the Blockchain: Risks on Emerging x402 Payments
All 15 tested x402 payment facilitators violate at least one of eight derived security rules, yielding four new attack classes and 31 reported vulnerabilities.