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OpenPose: Realtime Multi-Person 2D Pose Estimation using Part Affinity Fields

9 Pith papers cite this work. Polarity classification is still indexing.

9 Pith papers citing it
abstract

Realtime multi-person 2D pose estimation is a key component in enabling machines to have an understanding of people in images and videos. In this work, we present a realtime approach to detect the 2D pose of multiple people in an image. The proposed method uses a nonparametric representation, which we refer to as Part Affinity Fields (PAFs), to learn to associate body parts with individuals in the image. This bottom-up system achieves high accuracy and realtime performance, regardless of the number of people in the image. In previous work, PAFs and body part location estimation were refined simultaneously across training stages. We demonstrate that a PAF-only refinement rather than both PAF and body part location refinement results in a substantial increase in both runtime performance and accuracy. We also present the first combined body and foot keypoint detector, based on an internal annotated foot dataset that we have publicly released. We show that the combined detector not only reduces the inference time compared to running them sequentially, but also maintains the accuracy of each component individually. This work has culminated in the release of OpenPose, the first open-source realtime system for multi-person 2D pose detection, including body, foot, hand, and facial keypoints.

years

2026 5 2019 4

verdicts

UNVERDICTED 9

representative citing papers

VideoMDM: Towards 3D Human Motion Generation From 2D Supervision

cs.LG · 2026-06-11 · unverdicted · novelty 6.0

VideoMDM learns coherent 3D motion manifolds from 2D supervision alone by using a pretrained lifter as noisy teacher, depth-weighted 2D reprojection loss, and adapted regularizers, nearly matching fully 3D-supervised performance on HumanML3D.

Linking Art through Human Poses

cs.CV · 2019-07-08 · unverdicted · novelty 6.0

Human pose similarity matching with spatial verification outperforms standard content-based image retrieval for discovering composition transfers in art on a manually annotated dataset.

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Showing 9 of 9 citing papers.