Charged-scalar vacuum polarization makes photon paths timelike and yields frequency-dependent Sachs-Wolfe corrections, giving a CMB mu-distortion and power-spectrum modifications whose size depends on the scalar mass and coupling.
Mukhanov, Physical Foundations of Cosmology, Cambridge University Press, 2005
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Vacuum Polarization, Geodesic Equation and Sachs-Wolfe Effect
Charged-scalar vacuum polarization makes photon paths timelike and yields frequency-dependent Sachs-Wolfe corrections, giving a CMB mu-distortion and power-spectrum modifications whose size depends on the scalar mass and coupling.