The second fundamental form of a spatial slice in a torsional spacetime is a sum of the Hubble term and an extrinsic torsion term, producing a negative bias in Hubble estimates when torsion is neglected.
Dark Matter
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abstract
In this article we address the mystery of dark matter. We expound the various evidences, astrophysical and cosmological, leading to hypothesize the existence of an invisible form of matter, whose attempts at detecting it have so far all failed. We also discuss some alternative suggestions that replace the hypothesis of exotic matter with the assumption of modifications of the gravitational dynamics. For each of the various proposals we also discuss the strong and weak points.
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Intrinsic Torsion, Extrinsic Torsion, and the Hubble Parameter
The second fundamental form of a spatial slice in a torsional spacetime is a sum of the Hubble term and an extrinsic torsion term, producing a negative bias in Hubble estimates when torsion is neglected.