Adding ions to a magnetized relativistic wind lets inductive acceleration push both ions and leptons to Hillas-limit energies in a shorter distance than lepton-only winds.
Propagation and stability of superluminal waves in pulsar winds
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abstract
Nonlinear electromagnetic waves with superluminal phase velocity can propagate in the winds around isolated pulsars, and around some pulsars in binary systems. Using a short-wavelength approximation, we find and analyze an integrable system of equations that govern their evolution in spherical geometry. A confined mode is identified that stagnates to finite pressure at large radius and can form a precursor to the termination shock. Using a simplified criterion, we find this mode is stable for most isolated pulsars, but may be unstable if the external pressure is high, such as in the pulsar wind nebulae in starburst galaxies and in W44. Pulsar winds in eccentric binary systems, such as PSR 1259-63, may go through phases with stable and unstable electromagnetic precursors, as well as phases in which the density is too high for these modes to propagate.
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Inductive acceleration of ions in Poynting-flux dominated outflows
Adding ions to a magnetized relativistic wind lets inductive acceleration push both ions and leptons to Hillas-limit energies in a shorter distance than lepton-only winds.