Large reasoning models default to English or Chinese as internal 'reasoning hubs', and forcing non-hub reasoning lowers math accuracy, especially for low-resource languages, while sometimes improving safety and cultural performance.
The effects of stating problems in bilingual students’ first and second languages on solving mathematical word problems.The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 166(1):117–129, 2005
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Language Matters: How Do Multilingual Input and Reasoning Paths Affect Large Reasoning Models?
Large reasoning models default to English or Chinese as internal 'reasoning hubs', and forcing non-hub reasoning lowers math accuracy, especially for low-resource languages, while sometimes improving safety and cultural performance.