For minisuperspace dimension D>2 with a fluid clock, adding a specific curvature term makes physical predictions independent of a large class of operator orderings; in D=1 the ambiguity remains.
Unitarily inequivalent quantum cosmological bouncing models
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abstract
By quantising the background as well as the perturbations in a simple one fluid model, we show that there exists an ambiguity in the choice of relevant variables, potentially leading to incompatible observational physical predictions. In a classical or quantum inflationary background, the exact same canonical transformations lead to unique predictions, so the ambiguity we put forward demands a semiclassical background with a sufficiently strong departure from classical evolution. The latter condition happens to be satisfied in bouncing scenarios, which may thus be having predictability issues. Inflationary models could evade such a problem because of the monotonic behavior of their scale factor; they do, however, initiate from a singular state which bouncing scenarios aim at solving.
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Exact path integrals on half-line in quantum cosmology with a fluid clock and aspects of operator ordering ambiguity
For minisuperspace dimension D>2 with a fluid clock, adding a specific curvature term makes physical predictions independent of a large class of operator orderings; in D=1 the ambiguity remains.