Penalty-based first-order methods find ε-KKT points in bilevel minimax problems with Õ(ε^{-4}) deterministic and Õ(ε^{-9}) stochastic oracle complexity, improving prior bounds for constrained lower-level cases via Lagrangian duality.
Randomized stochastic variance-reduced methods for multi-task stochastic bilevel optimization
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2026 2verdicts
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Bilevel learning methods rely on implicit differentiation but are restricted by assumptions of unique lower-level solutions and struggle with constraints, and connections to broader bilevel optimization literature may enable more scalable general-purpose algorithms.
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Penalty-Based First-Order Methods for Bilevel Optimization with Minimax and Constrained Lower-Level Problems
Penalty-based first-order methods find ε-KKT points in bilevel minimax problems with Õ(ε^{-4}) deterministic and Õ(ε^{-9}) stochastic oracle complexity, improving prior bounds for constrained lower-level cases via Lagrangian duality.
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Bilevel learning
Bilevel learning methods rely on implicit differentiation but are restricted by assumptions of unique lower-level solutions and struggle with constraints, and connections to broader bilevel optimization literature may enable more scalable general-purpose algorithms.