Adding ions to a magnetized relativistic wind lets inductive acceleration push both ions and leptons to Hillas-limit energies in a shorter distance than lepton-only winds.
Crab flares due to turbulent dissipation of the pulsar striped wind
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abstract
We interpret $\gamma$-ray flares from the Crab Nebula as the signature of turbulence in the pulsar's electromagnetic outflow. Turbulence is triggered upstream by dynamical instability of the wind's oscillating magnetic field, and accelerates non-thermal particles. On impacting the wind termination shock, those particles emit a distinct synchrotron component $F_{\nu,\rm flare}$, which is constantly modulated by intermittency of the upstream plasma flow. Flares are observed when the high-energy cutoff of $F_{\nu,\rm flare}$ emerges above the fast-declining nebular emission around 0.1 - 1 GeV. Simulations carried out in the force-free electrodynamics approximation predict the striped wind to become fully turbulent well ahead of the wind termination shock, provided its terminal Lorentz factor is $\lesssim 10^4$.
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Inductive acceleration of ions in Poynting-flux dominated outflows
Adding ions to a magnetized relativistic wind lets inductive acceleration push both ions and leptons to Hillas-limit energies in a shorter distance than lepton-only winds.