Inelastic Scattering, Emergent Interactions of Solitons in the Zakharov-Kuznetsov Equation through Conservative and non-Conservative Physics-Informed Neural Networks

The Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation, originally a three dimensional mathematical model of plasma with a uniform magnetic field, is a direct extension of the KdV equation into higher dimensions and is a typical quasi-integrable system. Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) are used to study the collision of soliton solutions in the 2+1 dimensional Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation. PINNs are able to successfully solve the equations in the forward process, and the solutions are obtained using a mesh-free approach and automatic differentiation, taking into account conservation laws. In the inverse process, the proper form of the equation can be successfully derived from a given training data. However, the situation becomes intractable in the collision process. The forward analysis result no longer adheres to the laws of conservation, and is better described as a dynamically incompatible field configuration (DIFC) than a solution to the system. Conservative PINNs have thus been introduced for this purpose, and in this paper we succeed in obtaining solutions that satisfy conservation laws. The inverse analysis suggests a different equation in which the coefficients exhibit significant changes, implying an emergence of temporary interactions. With these modulated coefficients, we recalculate the equation and confirm that the adherence to the laws of conservation has unquestionably improved.