Near-field XL-MIMO effective degrees of freedom peak at antenna spacing d = sqrt(lambda*L/sqrt(N)), the same spacing where the array gain to the nearest antenna first becomes zero.
Massive MIMO is a reality—what is next?: Five pro mising research directions for antenna arrays,
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Effective DoF-Oriented Optimal Antenna Spacing in Near-Field XL-MIMO Systems
Near-field XL-MIMO effective degrees of freedom peak at antenna spacing d = sqrt(lambda*L/sqrt(N)), the same spacing where the array gain to the nearest antenna first becomes zero.