An external electric field induces a reversible transition from mobile non-wetting water to an ordered hexagonal monolayer ice on graphite via interfacial charge redistribution, enabling deterministic nucleation, lattice strain, discrete conductance states, and collective dipolar switching.
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Electric-field control of hydrogen bonding via interfacial charge at atomic resolution
An external electric field induces a reversible transition from mobile non-wetting water to an ordered hexagonal monolayer ice on graphite via interfacial charge redistribution, enabling deterministic nucleation, lattice strain, discrete conductance states, and collective dipolar switching.