A coupled plasma-thermal model shows nanosecond laser bubble inception in water is driven by plasma-induced thermoelastic rarefaction pressures rather than pure thermal nucleation or plasma mechanics alone.
Laser-induced plasma formation in water at nanosecond to femtosecond time scales: calculation of thresholds, absorption coefficients, and energy density,
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From Optical Breakdown to Bubble Inception: A Coupled Plasma-Thermal Framework for Nanosecond Laser-Induced Cavitation in Water
A coupled plasma-thermal model shows nanosecond laser bubble inception in water is driven by plasma-induced thermoelastic rarefaction pressures rather than pure thermal nucleation or plasma mechanics alone.