A covariant zoom-in perturbation theory framework resolves geodesic breakdown via hierarchical matter horizons, producing an effective energy-momentum tensor whose backreaction explains flat galaxy rotation curves without dark matter.
Newtonian gravitational deflection of light revisited
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The angle of deflection of a light ray by the gravitational field of the Sun, at grazing incidence, is calculated by strict and straightforward classical Newtonian means using the corpuscular model of light. The calculation is presented in the historical and scientific contexts of Newton's {\it Opticks} and of modern views of the problem.
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Cosmological zoom-in perturbation theory as a consistent beyond point-particle approximation framework
A covariant zoom-in perturbation theory framework resolves geodesic breakdown via hierarchical matter horizons, producing an effective energy-momentum tensor whose backreaction explains flat galaxy rotation curves without dark matter.