A geometric field theory unifies topology, intrinsic/extrinsic geometry, solitons, defect orientations, and elastic anisotropy in 2D nematics, showing that gauge non-invariance induces non-linear many-body defect interactions.
This approach is far simpler to do calculations with, and fits nicely with the topological approach based on the Hodge decomposition
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Defect Kinematics in 2D Nematics: Contributions from Surface Topology, Intrinsic and Extrinsic Geometry, Solitons, Defect Orientations, and Elastic Anisotropy
A geometric field theory unifies topology, intrinsic/extrinsic geometry, solitons, defect orientations, and elastic anisotropy in 2D nematics, showing that gauge non-invariance induces non-linear many-body defect interactions.