Survey of European secondary students identifies a confidence-competence gap in digital literacy and AI skills, with Dunning-Kruger effects, conditional gender differences, and an AI paradox.
Kirschner and Pedro De Bruyckere
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The Illusion of Competence: Self-Perceived Digital Literacy and AI Readiness Among European Secondary Students
Survey of European secondary students identifies a confidence-competence gap in digital literacy and AI skills, with Dunning-Kruger effects, conditional gender differences, and an AI paradox.