The expectation Pauli-Lubanski vector defines intrinsic angular momentum of relativistic wavepackets relative to their energy centroid without zero-mass singularities, permitting arbitrary orientation to momentum even for massless particles.
Spatiotemporal optical vortices with arbitrary orbital angular momentum orientation by astigmatic mode converters,
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Expectation Pauli-Lubanski vector and intrinsic angular momentum of relativistic wavepackets
The expectation Pauli-Lubanski vector defines intrinsic angular momentum of relativistic wavepackets relative to their energy centroid without zero-mass singularities, permitting arbitrary orientation to momentum even for massless particles.