In the FRADO model, a photon-flux-dependent cloud emissivity makes broad-line profiles insensitive to the radial scaling of the disk mass-loss rate, while under uniform emissivity a steeper r^-3/2 scaling better matches observed single-peaked profiles.
The Wind Dynamics of Super-Eddington Sources in FRADO
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abstract
We perform non-hydrodynamical 2.5D simulations to study the dynamics of material above accretion disk based on the disk radiation pressure acting on dust. We assume a super-accreting underlying disk with the accretion rate of 10 times the Eddington rate with central black hole mass ranging from $10^7$ up to $10^9 M_{\odot}$. Such high accretion rates are characteristic for extreme sources. We show that for high accretors radiatively dust-driving mechanism based on FRADO model always leads to a massive outflow from the disk surface, and the failed wind develops only at larger radii. The outflow rate strongly depends on the black hole mass, and in optically-thick energy-driven solution can exceed the accretion rate for masses larger than $10^ 8 M_{\odot}$ but momentum-driven outflow does not exceed the accretion rate even for super-Eddington accretion, therefore not violating the adopted stationarity of the disk. However, even in this case the outflow from the disk implies a strong mechanical feedback.
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The effect of outflow launching radial efficiency of accretion disk on the shape of emission-line profiles
In the FRADO model, a photon-flux-dependent cloud emissivity makes broad-line profiles insensitive to the radial scaling of the disk mass-loss rate, while under uniform emissivity a steeper r^-3/2 scaling better matches observed single-peaked profiles.