A statistical survey of 521 MMS crossings finds ion holes in 65% of shocks, implying the quasi-perpendicular bow shock is typically rippled and non-stationary.
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Occurrence of Non-Stationarity at Earth's Quasi-Perpendicular Bow Shock
A statistical survey of 521 MMS crossings finds ion holes in 65% of shocks, implying the quasi-perpendicular bow shock is typically rippled and non-stationary.