General covariance limits second-gradient matter Lagrangians in general relativity to a small set of invariants, whose non-relativistic limits reproduce the kinematic variables of second-gradient continuum mechanics.
Objective rates as covariant derivatives on the manifold of Riemannian metrics
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abstract
The subject of so-called objective derivatives in Continuum Mechanics has along history and has generated varying views concerning their true mathematical interpretation. Several attempts have been made to provide a mathematical definition that would at least partially unify the existing notions. In this paper, we demonstrate that, under natural assumptions, all objective derivatives correspond to covariant derivatives on the infinite-dimensional manifold Met(B) of Riemannian metrics on the body. Furthermore, a natural Leibniz rule enables canonical extensions from covariant to contravariant tensor fields and vice versa. This makes the sometimes-used distinction between objective derivatives of ``Lie type'' and ``corotational type'' unnecessary. For an exhaustive list of objective derivatives found in the literature, we exhibit the corresponding covariant derivative on Met(B).
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Relativistic second gradient theory of continuous media
General covariance limits second-gradient matter Lagrangians in general relativity to a small set of invariants, whose non-relativistic limits reproduce the kinematic variables of second-gradient continuum mechanics.