Experiments on modular arithmetic with heavy label noise show that over-parameterized networks form a distributed internal generalization structure that can be extracted via frequency methods to achieve high accuracy despite 80% noise.
The effect of label noise on the information content of neural representations.arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.06401, 2025
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Unveiling Memorization-Generalization Coexistence: A Case Study on Arithmetic Tasks with Label Noise
Experiments on modular arithmetic with heavy label noise show that over-parameterized networks form a distributed internal generalization structure that can be extracted via frequency methods to achieve high accuracy despite 80% noise.