An analytical derivation via Lyapunov function for a reduced hydrogen kinetic system shows ionization freeze-out in Type IIP supernovae, confirming the need for time-dependent kinetics over equilibrium approximations.
John Hillier
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Analytical Model of Time-Dependent Ionization in the Envelopes of Type II Supernovae at the Photospheric Phase
An analytical derivation via Lyapunov function for a reduced hydrogen kinetic system shows ionization freeze-out in Type IIP supernovae, confirming the need for time-dependent kinetics over equilibrium approximations.