In a 2+1D Z2 lattice gauge theory, strings between static charges in the confined phase map to free fermions on an open chain, and magnetic fluctuations stabilize the strings against breaking.
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String Breaking in a $2+1$D $\mathbb{Z}_2$ Lattice Gauge Theory
In a 2+1D Z2 lattice gauge theory, strings between static charges in the confined phase map to free fermions on an open chain, and magnetic fluctuations stabilize the strings against breaking.