Fluid antenna systems have at most K*=2⌈W⌉+1 significant independent eigenmodes set by aperture size W, enabling EDoF and WIM closed-form outage approximations that match exact diversity order and never underestimate performance.
A tutorial on fluid antenna system for 6G networks: Encompassing communication theory, optimization methods and hard- ware designs,
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How Many Independent Modes Does a Fluid Antenna Have? A Closed-Form Outage Analysis via Equivalent Degrees of Freedom
Fluid antenna systems have at most K*=2⌈W⌉+1 significant independent eigenmodes set by aperture size W, enabling EDoF and WIM closed-form outage approximations that match exact diversity order and never underestimate performance.