In isotropic scattering, antenna directivity makes wavenumber-domain channel gains uneven, so XL-MIMO effective degrees of freedom depend on antenna type and element spacing.
Non-stationarities in extra-large-scale massive MIMO,
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Directivity-Aware Degrees of Freedom Analysis for Extremely Large-Scale MIMO
In isotropic scattering, antenna directivity makes wavenumber-domain channel gains uneven, so XL-MIMO effective degrees of freedom depend on antenna type and element spacing.