In graded-index multimode fibers, refractive index exponent alpha between 2.04 and 2.08 optimizes multimode soliton formation with minimal pulsewidth and energy, enables spatial condensation to the fundamental mode, and allows reversal of energy flow to higher modes for some values.
Zitelli, A new thermodynamic approach to multimode fiber self-cleaning and soliton conden- sation, Laser & Photonics Reviews 19 (6) (2025) 2400714
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Influence of Refractive Index Distribution on Multimode Soliton Dynamics and Condensation in GRIN-MMFs
In graded-index multimode fibers, refractive index exponent alpha between 2.04 and 2.08 optimizes multimode soliton formation with minimal pulsewidth and energy, enables spatial condensation to the fundamental mode, and allows reversal of energy flow to higher modes for some values.