The paper introduces entropy-normalized internal time θ and Tσ as measures of accumulated physiological cycles and entropy cost to define a normalized PBTE age APBTE as the fraction of a reference lifetime budget consumed.
Biological Time Equivalence in Vertebrates: Thermodynamic Framework, Comparative Tests, and Clade-Specific Deviations,
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A Nonequilibrium Internal-Time Model of Aging: Entropy-Normalized Biological Proper Time and Repair Bifurcations
The paper introduces entropy-normalized internal time θ and Tσ as measures of accumulated physiological cycles and entropy cost to define a normalized PBTE age APBTE as the fraction of a reference lifetime budget consumed.