MMFS of an ideal laser is the RMS of spontaneous-emission phase diffusion and vacuum shot noise; optimized UMZI, FPC, and heterodyne sensors can reach ~sqrt(measurement bandwidth times STL).
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The General Quantum Limit for and the Optimization of the Minimum Measurable Frequency Shift in a Laser
MMFS of an ideal laser is the RMS of spontaneous-emission phase diffusion and vacuum shot noise; optimized UMZI, FPC, and heterodyne sensors can reach ~sqrt(measurement bandwidth times STL).