Using phase-plane analysis, the paper shows that Newell, IDM, and Gipps car-following models each violate at least one stated safety or human-like principle in stationary-lead problems.
, author McDonald, M
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Provably safe and human-like car-following behaviors: Part 1. Analysis of phases and dynamics in standard models
Using phase-plane analysis, the paper shows that Newell, IDM, and Gipps car-following models each violate at least one stated safety or human-like principle in stationary-lead problems.