Event-by-event simulations show elliptic flow in heavy and light ion collisions follows a universal opacity-dependent response curve; hydrodynamics is accurate only above opacity around 3, and oxygen collisions expose nonequilibrium dynamics at the 10 percent level.
Pre-hydrodynamic evolution and its impact on quark-gluon plasma signatures
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abstract
State-of-the-art hydrodynamic models of heavy-ion collisions have considerable theoretical model uncertainties in the description of the very early pre-hydrodynamic stage. We add a new computational module, K$_\mathrm{T}$Iso, that describes the pre-hydrodynamic evolution kinetically, based on the relativistic Boltzmann equation with collisions treated in the Isotropization Time Approximation. As a novelty, K$_\mathrm{T}$Iso allows for the inclusion and evolution of initial-state momentum anisotropies. To maintain computational efficiency K$_\mathrm{T}$Iso assumes strict longitudinal boost invariance and allows collisions to isotropize only the transverse momenta. We use it to explore the sensitivity of hadronic observables measured in relativistic heavy-ion collisions to initial-state momentum anisotropies and microscopic scattering during the pre-hydrodynamic stage.
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Collective dynamics in heavy and light-ion collisions -- I) Kinetic Theory vs. Hydrodynamics
Event-by-event simulations show elliptic flow in heavy and light ion collisions follows a universal opacity-dependent response curve; hydrodynamics is accurate only above opacity around 3, and oxygen collisions expose nonequilibrium dynamics at the 10 percent level.