Demanding associativity of the momentum translation operator for Schwinger's non-commuting coordinates of massless particles yields the helicity quantization λ=(ℏ/2)n, shown to be dual to Dirac's monopole quantization.
Topological mass generation in four-dimensional gauge theory
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abstract
The Lagrangian of non-Abelian tensor gauge fields describes the interaction of the Yang-Mills and massless tensor bosons of increasing helicities. We have found a metric-independent gauge invariant density which is a four-dimensional analog of the Chern-Simons density. The Lagrangian augmented by this Chern-Simons-like invariant describes massive Yang-Mills boson, providing a gauge-invariant mass gap for a four-dimensional gauge field theory. We present invariant densities which can provide masses to the high rank tensor bosons.
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Schwinger's non-commutative coordinates and duality between helicity and Dirac quantisation conditions
Demanding associativity of the momentum translation operator for Schwinger's non-commuting coordinates of massless particles yields the helicity quantization λ=(ℏ/2)n, shown to be dual to Dirac's monopole quantization.