A Monte Carlo ray-tracing model for water-to-air optical channels shows 1 Mbps links with BER of 10^{-3} are feasible at 47 m depth under wind speeds up to 13 m/s.
Outage probability analysis of a vertical underwater wireless optical link subject to oceanic turbulence and pointing errors,
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A Beta mixture model fitted via EM algorithm yields closed-form expressions for the channel distribution and outage probability in wind-affected water-to-air optical links, revealing a TIR-induced outage floor.
citing papers explorer
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End-to-End Optical Propagation Modeling for Water-to-Air Channels under Sea Surface and UAV Effects
A Monte Carlo ray-tracing model for water-to-air optical channels shows 1 Mbps links with BER of 10^{-3} are feasible at 47 m depth under wind speeds up to 13 m/s.
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Statistical Characterization of Wind-Induced Beam Refraction in Water-to-Air Optical Channels
A Beta mixture model fitted via EM algorithm yields closed-form expressions for the channel distribution and outage probability in wind-affected water-to-air optical links, revealing a TIR-induced outage floor.