A regularized finite-dimensional master field numerically solves large-N reduced matrix models, reproducing exact Euclidean solutions and perturbative Minkowski results for one- and two-matrix cases.
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Derives Minkowskian Nambu-Goto path integral for critical closed strings, proves equivalences to Polyakov and Schild forms, and obtains a causality-preserving Minkowski IKKT matrix model via regularization of the type IIB worldsheet integral.
Complex Langevin simulations of the deformed Lorentzian type IIB matrix model show emergence of smooth (3+1)-dimensional expanding spacetime with real space and time.
In the IKKT matrix model, quantum fluctuations are negligible compared to noncommutativity scales at weak coupling for Moyal-Weyl and covariant quantum spacetime backgrounds, justifying semi-classical emergent geometry.
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