LLMs hallucinate citations at rates from 14.23% to 94.93%, with 1.07% of papers containing invalid citations and an 80.9% increase in 2025.
Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of chatgpt.Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 61(2):228–239
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GhostCite: A Large-Scale Analysis of Citation Validity in the Age of Large Language Models
LLMs hallucinate citations at rates from 14.23% to 94.93%, with 1.07% of papers containing invalid citations and an 80.9% increase in 2025.