Constraining phoneme substitutions to a handcrafted confusion set makes CTC-based alignment-free GOP cheaper, with accuracy mostly preserved relative to unrestricted substitution.
However, it is important to note that these ap- proaches may also lead to a decline in performance compared to unrestricted phoneme substitutions
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Enhancing GOP in CTC-Based Mispronunciation Detection with Phonological Knowledge
Constraining phoneme substitutions to a handcrafted confusion set makes CTC-based alignment-free GOP cheaper, with accuracy mostly preserved relative to unrestricted substitution.