An empirical audit shows the translation tax in English-to-Chinese benchmarks is estimator- and item-dependent rather than a single scalar effect, with a residue dose-response in naturalization tests.
Translation artifacts in cross-lingual transfer learning
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The Translation Tax Is Not a Scalar: A Counterfactual Audit of English-Source Cue Inheritance in Chinese Multilingual Benchmarks
An empirical audit shows the translation tax in English-to-Chinese benchmarks is estimator- and item-dependent rather than a single scalar effect, with a residue dose-response in naturalization tests.