Entanglement islands in the AdS/bath island model realize the quantum-gravity 'observer' as a Goldstone vector mode, making the island operator algebra an emergent Type II∞ von Neumann algebra.
Black Hole Entropy in the O(N) Model
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abstract
We consider corrections to the entropy of a black hole from an $O(N)$ invariant linear $\s$-model. We obtain the entropy from a $1/N$ expansion of the partition function on a cone. The entropy arises from diagrams which are analogous to those introduced by Susskind and Uglum to explain black hole entropy in string theory. The interpretation of the \sm entropy depends on scale. At short distances, it has a state counting interpretation, as the entropy of entanglement of the $N$ fields $\pa$. In the infrared, the effective theory has a single composite field $\s \sim \pa \pa$, and the state counting interpretation of the entropy is lost.
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Algebras, Entanglement Islands, and Observers
Entanglement islands in the AdS/bath island model realize the quantum-gravity 'observer' as a Goldstone vector mode, making the island operator algebra an emergent Type II∞ von Neumann algebra.