Observations spanning 130 years show the [O III]/H-beta ratio in planetary nebula IC 418 increasing by about 0.9% per year, implying a central star heating at 15-42 K/yr and a core mass of 0.560-0.583 solar masses.
From top to bottom we show a slitless IC 418 spectrum given in W
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The secular evolution of planetary nebula IC 418 and its implications for carbon star formation
Observations spanning 130 years show the [O III]/H-beta ratio in planetary nebula IC 418 increasing by about 0.9% per year, implying a central star heating at 15-42 K/yr and a core mass of 0.560-0.583 solar masses.