Transmission spectroscopy detects CS2 at >8σ in the H/He atmosphere of young exoplanet V1298 Tau e, contrasting with SO2 on sibling planet b.
ORCHARD: A General Planetary Evolution Code
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abstract
We present \texttt{ORCHARD}, a publicly available planetary evolution code based on the gas giant evolution code, \texttt{APPLE}, capable of modeling the evolution and structures of terrestrial, super-Earth, sub-Neptune, Neptune, and gas giant planets and exoplanets from 0.5 M$_\oplus$ to 10 M$_J$. It supports not only the inhomogeneous and non-adiabatic evolution of gas giants and sub-Neptunes, but also the solidification of the mantles and cores of terrestrial planets, sub-Neptunes, and super-Earths. \texttt{ORCHARD} incorporates a state-of-the-art hydrogen-helium equation of state, ``metal" equations of state (water, ice mixtures, enstatite/perovskite, olivine/forsterite, iron), and atmospheric boundary conditions ranging from detailed non-gray radiative transfer models for Solar System giants to irradiated sub-Neptune atmospheres and bare rocky surfaces. The purpose of \texttt{ORCHARD} is to provide the scientific community with a flexible, unified tool for modeling planetary structures and evolution across the entire mass continuum of general astrophysical and planetary interest.
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astro-ph.EP 1years
2026 1verdicts
UNVERDICTED 1representative citing papers
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Photochemical CS$_2$ Gas Detected on a 20-Myr-old Exoplanet
Transmission spectroscopy detects CS2 at >8σ in the H/He atmosphere of young exoplanet V1298 Tau e, contrasting with SO2 on sibling planet b.