Including the Delta(1232) resonance in a third-order covariant chiral perturbation theory fit reproduces near-threshold pion photoproduction data across all charge channels far better than leaving it out.
Neutral-current weak pion production off the nucleon in covariant chiral perturbation theory
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abstract
Neutral current single pion production induced by neutrinos and antineutrinos on nucleon targets has been investigated in manifestly relativistic baryon chiral perturbation theory with explicit $\Delta(1232)$ degrees of freedom up to $\mathcal{O}(p^3)$. At low energies, where chiral perturbation theory is applicable, the total cross sections for the different reaction channels exhibit a sizable non-resonant contribution, which is not present in event generators of broad use in neutrino oscillation and cross section experiments such as GENIE and NuWro.
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Pion photoproduction off nucleons in covariant chiral perturbation theory
Including the Delta(1232) resonance in a third-order covariant chiral perturbation theory fit reproduces near-threshold pion photoproduction data across all charge channels far better than leaving it out.