A phase-aware carbon-accounting method for federated learning shows that client efficiency tiers and coordination idle time can inflate total CO2e by 8-22x, while GPU choice changes runtime more than energy.
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Standardized Methods and Recommendations for Green Federated Learning
A phase-aware carbon-accounting method for federated learning shows that client efficiency tiers and coordination idle time can inflate total CO2e by 8-22x, while GPU choice changes runtime more than energy.