Hadrons described by the nonlinear sigma model minimally coupled to Maxwell theory modify photon paths away from null geodesics, enabling analytic hadronic corrections to gravitational lensing deflection angles.
Effects of plasma on gravitational lensing
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abstract
We study gravitational lensing when plasma surrounds the lens. An extra deflection angle is induced by the plasma in addition to the deflection generated by gravity. An inhomogeneous plasma distribution generates a greater effect than a homogeneous one, and may cause significant effects to be detected in low frequency radio observations (a few hundred MHz). In particular, the lensed image positions will be different between optical and radio observations. The change of position due to a plasma can reach a few tens of milli-arcsec, which is readily detectable. One can use the position difference in different frequencies to estimate the density of plasma in the lens. The magnification ratios between multiple images are mainly determined by other properties of the lens, and are only weakly affected by the plasma. More importantly, we find that the strong lensing time delay will be affected by the plasma. Estimation of the Hubble constant from the time delay in low radio frequency observation may be slightly biased due to plasma in the lens. Unfortunately, the ionosphere of the Earth strongly affects low frequency radio observations. Thus our ability to detect the effect depends on how well we are able to calibrate out the ionosphere.
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background 2representative citing papers
Bardeen's definition of black hole critical curves deviates from de Vries and Grenzebach definitions in homogeneous plasma by contracting with increasing density, contrary to prior expectations.
Negative tidal charge enlarges the shadow of rotating braneworld black holes while inhomogeneous plasma shrinks it and homogeneous plasma enlarges it; EHT data limits q to roughly -1.15 to 0.45 for M87* in the low-density limit.
citing papers explorer
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Hadronic lensing
Hadrons described by the nonlinear sigma model minimally coupled to Maxwell theory modify photon paths away from null geodesics, enabling analytic hadronic corrections to gravitational lensing deflection angles.
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A note on methods for computing the critical curve of Kerr-like black holes
Bardeen's definition of black hole critical curves deviates from de Vries and Grenzebach definitions in homogeneous plasma by contracting with increasing density, contrary to prior expectations.
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Investigating the interplay of the braneworld gravity and the plasma environment on the black hole shadow
Negative tidal charge enlarges the shadow of rotating braneworld black holes while inhomogeneous plasma shrinks it and homogeneous plasma enlarges it; EHT data limits q to roughly -1.15 to 0.45 for M87* in the low-density limit.