DeepStage learns stage-aware autonomous defense policies for APTs by combining graph neural network embeddings with LSTM-based stage inference in a POMDP and training a hierarchical PPO agent, reporting 0.887 F1-score and 84.7% mitigation success in a CALDERA testbed.
Offline reinforcement learning for autonomous cyber de- fense agents,
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DeepStage: Learning Autonomous Defense Policies Against Multi-Stage APT Campaigns
DeepStage learns stage-aware autonomous defense policies for APTs by combining graph neural network embeddings with LSTM-based stage inference in a POMDP and training a hierarchical PPO agent, reporting 0.887 F1-score and 84.7% mitigation success in a CALDERA testbed.